Tornado - Wikipedia. A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. They are often referred to as twisters, whirlwinds or cyclones. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 1. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 3. Waterspouts are characterized by a spiraling funnel- shaped wind current, connecting to a large cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. Search Used RV Trailers in White Settlement at Ultimate RV to find the best cars White Settlement, Dallas, TX, Fort Worth, TX deals from Ultimate RV. A complete guide describing how to become a DJ, broken down into 10 individual steps. Learn the art of deejaying, and how to do it with passion and purpose. Comments about Oneida Air Dust Deputy DIY Cyclone Vac Attachment (AXD001004): I bought another dust collector and after using it for one hour, I found the unit to be. One of the most interesting-looking rides of 2015 comes from an unexpected place. ZDT’s Amusement Park, located about an hour outside San Antonio, is building the. They are generally classified as non- supercellular tornadoes that develop over bodies of water, but there is disagreement over whether to classify them as true tornadoes. These spiraling columns of air frequently develop in tropical areas close to the equator, and are less common at high latitudes. However, the vast majority of tornadoes occur in the Tornado Alley region of the United States, although they can occur nearly anywhere in North America. The Fujita scale rates tornadoes by damage caused and has been replaced in some countries by the updated Enhanced Fujita Scale. An F0 or EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees, but not substantial structures. An F5 or EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. Dave's Vintage Bicycles Research and identify American made vintage and antique bicycles from the 1880's through the 1980's. Ultimate Rollercoaster is your Internet guide for roller coasters, theme parks, and thrill rides. Hop on board, lower your restraint, and get ready, as we're about to. 2015 NAFC FEIS SCHEDULE *Schedules will be updated by the 15th of the following month after receipt for those registrations that have submitted a complete. ![]() The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T1. The funnel is the thin tube reaching from the cloud to the ground. The lower part of this tornado is surrounded by a translucent dust cloud, kicked up by the tornado's strong winds at the surface. The wind of the tornado has a much wider radius than the funnel itself. Notice the lack of debris in this photo, debris clouds are used to verify that a tornado has in fact touched down. Etymology. The word tornado is an altered form of the Spanish word tronada, which means . This in turn was taken from the Latin tonare, meaning . It most likely reached its present form through a combination of the Spanish tronada and tornar (. Scientists have not yet created a complete definition of the word; for example, there is disagreement as to whether separate touchdowns of the same funnel constitute separate tornadoes. This results in the formation of a visible funnel cloud or condensation funnel. According to the Glossary of Meteorology, a funnel cloud is any rotating cloud pendant from a cumulus or cumulonimbus, and thus most tornadoes are included under this definition. Most tornadoes produce strong winds at the surface while the visible funnel is still above the ground, so it is difficult to discern the difference between a funnel cloud and a tornado from a distance. Multiple tornadoes produced by the same storm cell are referred to as a . If there is no break in activity, this is considered a tornado outbreak (although the term . A period of several successive days with tornado outbreaks in the same general area (spawned by multiple weather systems) is a tornado outbreak sequence, occasionally called an extended tornado outbreak. Tornadoes may be obscured completely by rain or dust. These tornadoes are especially dangerous, as even experienced meteorologists might not see them. Although the condensation funnel may not extend all the way to the ground, if associated surface winds are greater than 4. Large single- vortex tornadoes can look like large wedges stuck into the ground, and so are known as . A wedge can be so wide that it appears to be a block of dark clouds, wider than the distance from the cloud base to the ground. Even experienced storm observers may not be able to tell the difference between a low- hanging cloud and a wedge tornado from a distance. Many, but not all major tornadoes are wedges. These tornadoes are said to be . When they rope out, the length of their funnel increases, which forces the winds within the funnel to weaken due to conservation of angular momentum. Weak tornadoes, or strong yet dissipating tornadoes, can be exceedingly narrow, sometimes only a few feet or couple meters across. One tornado was reported to have a damage path only 7 feet (2 m) long. A tornado that affected Hallam, Nebraska on May 2. El Reno, Oklahoma on May 3. Many tornadoes which appear to have path lengths of 1. Tri- State Tornado. Those that form in dry environments can be nearly invisible, marked only by swirling debris at the base of the funnel. Condensation funnels that pick up little or no debris can be gray to white. While traveling over a body of water (as a waterspout), tornadoes can turn very white or even blue. Slow- moving funnels, which ingest a considerable amount of debris and dirt, are usually darker, taking on the color of debris. Tornadoes in the Great Plains can turn red because of the reddish tint of the soil, and tornadoes in mountainous areas can travel over snow- covered ground, turning white. In the top picture, the tornado is lit with the sunlight focused from behind the camera, thus the funnel appears bluish. In the lower image, where the camera is facing the opposite direction, the sun is behind the tornado, giving it a dark appearance. A tornado which is . The same tornado, viewed with the sun at the observer's back, may appear gray or brilliant white. Tornadoes which occur near the time of sunset can be many different colors, appearing in hues of yellow, orange, and pink. Tornadoes occurring in these conditions are especially dangerous, since only weather radar observations, or possibly the sound of an approaching tornado, serve as any warning to those in the storm's path. Most significant tornadoes form under the storm's updraft base, which is rain- free. Lightning is said to be the source of illumination for those who claim to have seen the interior of a tornado. While large- scale storms always rotate cyclonically due to the Coriolis effect, thunderstorms and tornadoes are so small that the direct influence of the Coriolis effect is unimportant, as indicated by their large Rossby numbers. Supercells and tornadoes rotate cyclonically in numerical simulations even when the Coriolis effect is neglected. Typically, systems as weak as landspouts and gustnadoes can rotate anticyclonically, and usually only those which form on the anticyclonic shear side of the descending rear flank downdraft (RFD) in a cyclonic supercell. Various sounds of tornadoes have been reported, mostly related to familiar sounds for the witness and generally some variation of a whooshing roar. Popularly reported sounds include a freight train, rushing rapids or waterfall, a nearby jet engine, or combinations of these. Many tornadoes are not audible from much distance; the nature and propagation distance of the audible sound depends on atmospheric conditions and topography. The winds of the tornado vortex and of constituent turbulent eddies, as well as airflow interaction with the surface and debris, contribute to the sounds. Funnel clouds also produce sounds. Funnel clouds and small tornadoes are reported as whistling, whining, humming, or the buzzing of innumerable bees or electricity, or more or less harmonic, whereas many tornadoes are reported as a continuous, deep rumbling, or an irregular sound of . Tornadoes are also not the only source of such sounds in severe thunderstorms; any strong, damaging wind, a severe hail volley, or continuous thunder in a thunderstorm may produce a roaring sound. Tornadic storms do not contain more lightning than other storms and some tornadic cells never produce lightning at all. More often than not, overall cloud- to- ground (CG) lightning activity decreases as a tornado touches the surface and returns to the baseline level when the tornado dissipates. In many cases, intense tornadoes and thunderstorms exhibit an increased and anomalous dominance of positive polarity CG discharges. In addition to winds, tornadoes also exhibit changes in atmospheric variables such as temperature, moisture, and pressure. For example, on June 2. Manchester, South Dakota, a probe measured a 1. Pa) (2. 9. 5 in. Hg) pressure decrease. The pressure dropped gradually as the vortex approached then dropped extremely rapidly to 8. Pa) (2. 5. 1. 0 in. Hg) in the core of the violent tornado before rising rapidly as the vortex moved away, resulting in a V- shape pressure trace. Temperature tends to decrease and moisture content to increase in the immediate vicinity of a tornado. First, the rotating cloud base lowers. This lowering becomes a funnel, which continues descending while winds build near the surface, kicking up dust and other debris. Finally, the visible funnel extends to the ground, and the tornado begins causing major damage. This tornado, near Dimmitt, Texas, was one of the best- observed violent tornadoes in history. Supercell relationship. Tornadoes often develop from a class of thunderstorms known as supercells. Supercells contain mesocyclones, an area of organized rotation a few miles up in the atmosphere, usually 1–6 miles (2–1. Most intense tornadoes (EF3 to EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale) develop from supercells. In addition to tornadoes, very heavy rain, frequent lightning, strong wind gusts, and hail are common in such storms. Most tornadoes from supercells follow a recognizable life cycle. That begins when increasing rainfall drags with it an area of quickly descending air known as the rear flank downdraft (RFD). This downdraft accelerates as it approaches the ground, and drags the supercell's rotating mesocyclone towards the ground with it. The convergence of warm air in the updraft and cool air causes a rotating wall cloud to form. The RFD also focuses the mesocyclone's base, causing it to draw air from a smaller and smaller area on the ground. As the updraft intensifies, it creates an area of low pressure at the surface. This pulls the focused mesocyclone down, in the form of a visible condensation funnel. As the funnel descends, the RFD also reaches the ground, fanning outward and creating a gust front that can cause severe damage a considerable distance from the tornado. Bhola cyclone - Wikipedia. The 1. 97. 0 Bhola cyclone was a devastating tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan (present- day Bangladesh) and India's West Bengal on November 1. It remains the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded and one of the deadliest natural disasters. Up to 5. 00,0. 00 people lost their lives in the storm, primarily as a result of the storm surge that flooded much of the low- lying islands of the Ganges Delta. This cyclone was the sixth cyclonic storm of the 1. North Indian Ocean cyclone season, and also the season's strongest. It reached its peak with winds of 1. November 1. 1, and made landfall on the coast of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) the following afternoon. The storm surge devastated many of the offshore islands, wiping out villages and destroying crops throughout the region. In the most severely affected upazila, Tazumuddin, over 4. The Pakistani government led by junta leader General Yahya Khan was criticized for its delayed handling of the relief operations following the storm, both by local political leaders in East Pakistan and in the international media. During the election that took place a month later, the opposition Awami League gained a landslide victory in the province, and continuing unrest between East Pakistan and the central government triggered the Bangladesh Liberation War, which led to widespread atrocities and eventually concluded with the creation of the country of Bangladesh. This storm as well as the Bangladesh Liberation War and 1. Bangladesh genocide and the subsequent refugees led ex- Beatle. George Harrison and Bengali musician. Ravi Shankar to organize The Concert for Bangladesh in 1. Madison Square Garden, New York City. The depression intensified as it moved slowly northward, and the India Meteorological Department upgraded it to a cyclonic storm the next day. No country in the region had ever named tropical cyclones during this time, so no new identity was given. It developed a clear eye, and reached its peak later that day with 3- minute sustained winds of 1. Pa. The cyclone made landfall on the East Pakistan coastline during the evening of November 1. Once over land, the system began to weaken; it degraded to a cyclonic storm on November 1. Agartala. The storm then rapidly weakened into a remnant low over southern Assam that evening. As the storm neared the coast, a . Survivors later said that this meant little to them, but that they had recognised a No. Gordon Dunn, the director of the National Hurricane Center at the time, carried out a detailed study and submitted his report in 1. However, the government did not carry out all of the recommendations Dunn had listed. While it is unsure how many people were killed, it is estimated to be 3. The exact death toll will never be known, but it is estimated that between 3. A ship anchored in the port in the same area recorded a peak gust of 2. A flight over the area showed the devastation was complete throughout the southern half of Bhola Island, and the rice crops of Bhola Island, Hatia Island and the nearby mainland coastline were destroyed. Of the 7. 7,0. 00 onshore fishermen, 4. In total, approximately 6. Agricultural damage was similarly severe with the loss of $6. Port Blair recorded 1. November 8, and there were a number of floods on the islands. The MV Mahajagmitra, a 5,5. Calcutta to Kuwait, was sunk by the storm on November 1. The ship sent out a distress signal and reported experiencing hurricane- force winds before it sank. The rain caused damage to housing and crops in both Indian states, with the worst damage occurring in the southernmost districts. The purpose of the first survey was to establish the immediate medical needs in the affected regions, and the second, more detailed, survey was designed as the basis for long- term relief and recovery planning. In the second survey, approximately 1. The mortality was estimated at 1. This consisted of severe abrasions on the limbs and chest caused by survivors clinging to trees to withstand the storm surge. The 1. 00,0. 00 migrant workers who were collecting the rice harvest, families who were completely wiped out by the storm and those who had migrated out of the region in the three months were not included, and by excluding these groups, the risk of hearsay and exaggeration was reduced. The worst effects were felt in Tazumuddin, where the mortality was 4. Thana alone. The mean mortality throughout the affected region was 1. This suggests that the young, old and sick were at highest risk of perishing in the cyclone and its surge. In the months after the storm, the mortality of the middle- aged was lower in the cyclone area than in the control region, near Dhaka. This reflected the storm's toll on the less healthy individuals. The president ordered . The governor of East Pakistan, Vice Admiral S. Ahsan, denied charges that the armed forces had not acted quickly enough and said supplies were reaching all parts of the disaster area except for some small pockets. He said there was a lack of understanding of the magnitude of the disaster. He also said that the general election slated for December 7 would take place on time, although eight or nine of the worst affected districts might experience delays, denying rumours that the election would be postponed. Relief work continued in the field, but the long- term planning was curtailed. A statement released by eleven political leaders in East Pakistan ten days after the cyclone hit charged the government with 'gross neglect, callous indifference and utter indifference'. They also accused the president of playing down the news coverage. The president's political opponents accused him of bungling the efforts and some demanded his resignation. The Pakistani government only deployed a single helicopter to relief operations, with Yahya Khan later stating that there was no point deploying any helicopters from West Pakistan as they were unable to carry supplies. The Pakistan Observer regularly carried front page stories with headlines like . A spokesman said families who were made homeless by the cyclone were receiving up to 2. US$5. 5 in 1. 97. The elections for nine national assembly and eighteen provincial assembly seats had to be postponed until January 1. Funds only slowly got through, and transport was slow in bringing supplies to the devastated regions. As tensions increased in March, foreign personnel evacuated because of fears of violence. This conflict widened into the Indo- Pakistani War of 1. December and concluded with the creation of Bangladesh. This was one of the first times that a natural event helped to trigger a civil war. Six helicopters, two helicopters at an aid mission in Nepal and four from the United States, were sent to East Pakistan. The Americans had provided about 5. British 7. 0 for supply distribution. Much of the money was earmarked to be spent on constructing cyclone shelters and rebuilding housing. They carried eight helicopters and eight landing craft, as well as rescue teams and supplies. France and West Germany both sent helicopters and various supplies worth $1. The Soviet aircraft, which had drawn criticism from Bengalis, replaced the British and American helicopters that had operated immediately after the cyclone. They were then deployed to Sandwip where they treated nearly 2. The mission returned to Singapore on December 2. The Japanese government had previously drawn criticism for only donating a small amount to relief work. He said only about $4 million had been contributed towards immediate needs, well short of the target of $2. The bank drew up a comprehensive recovery plan for the Pakistani government. The plan included restoring housing, water supplies and infrastructure to their pre- storm state. It was designed to combine with a much larger ongoing flood- control and development program. This was the first time that the IDA had provided credit for reconstruction. A Red Cross official stated some of the relief workers sent to East Pakistan were poorly trained, and the organisation would compile a list of specialists. The UN General Assembly adopted a proposal to improve its ability to provide aid to disaster- stricken countries. In 1. 96. 6, the Red Crescent had begun to support the development of a cyclone warning system, which developed into a Cyclone Preparedness Programme in 1. Government of Bangladesh and the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society. The programme's objectives are to raise public awareness of the risks of cyclones and to provide training to emergency personnel in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. When the next destructive cyclone approached the country in 1. Cyclone Preparedness Programme warned people of the cyclone two to three days before it struck land. Over 3. 50,0. 00 people fled their homes to shelters and other brick structures, whilst others sought high ground. While the 1. 99. 1 cyclone killed over 1. Cyclone Preparedness Programme. However, the 1. 99. Fifteen (one). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: 1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 1. Retrieved January 2. Banglapedia. Retrieved November 1. The Daily Star. October 2. Retrieved November 1. Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved November 1. Annual Typhoon Report 1. Retrieved March 1. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved March 1. India Weather Review 1. Retrieved April 1. January 3. 1, 1. 97. Retrieved April 1. Newspapers. com. New York Times. New York Times. Stars and Stripes (European ed.). Darmstadt, Hesse. Associated Press. Retrieved April 1. Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved April 1. M.; Saha, B. Institute of Water Modelling. Archived from the original(PDF) on June 2. Retrieved April 1. Disaster Management: International Lessons in Risk Reduction, Response and Recovery. ISBN 9. 78. 11. 36. New York Times. Associated Press. New York Times. EM- DAT: The International Disaster Database. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters.
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